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TRAJAN SOLDIER EMPEROR AND OPTIMUS PRINCEPS

Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (53-117 AD) belonged to the ancient Ulpia gens, originally from Todi and therefore Etruscan. He reigned after Nerva from 98 to 117 AD.
He was the first emperor born in the province, in the Roman colony of Italica (Hispania Betica), where his family had moved, which was related to the gens Elia, to which the future emperor Publius Aelius Hadrian, who would be his successor, belonged.

With Trajan the Roman empire reached its maximum expansion. Together with Augustus, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius he is considered one of the great Roman emperors.
He was called Optimus Princeps because he was a charismatic leader, well-liked by the army; he was able to establish good relations with the powerful senatorial aristocracy and made important economic reforms by renewing the noble class and administrative cadres. He did not take advantage of his power and was a good administrator.

Trajan started his military career with great success because he was a skilled and prudent leader; initially operated in Germany, where he led the army on behalf of the emperor Domitian, quelled the German revolts and was appointed Governor.

His most important victory was in the war against Dacia (today's Romania), immortalized by the splendid reliefs of Trajan's Column in Rome and also by the Tropaheum Traiani in Adamclisi, in the province of Moesia Inferior.
Trajan led two different campaigns in 101-102 and in 105-106 AD to fight against the Dacians led by Decebalus, who was ultimately defeated and beheaded.

The reliefs of Trajan's Column, a 200 meter long spiral, provide detailed information on the organization of the Roman army, on the soldiers' clothing and weapons, and on the war machines.
They show the public ceremonies that preceded the battle, which the emperor attended in person: the adlocutio, that is, the speach to the soldiers and the suovetaurilia, the sacrifice of a pig, a lamb and a bull.
And also, unfortunately, it shows the cruelty of war, with men defeated and killed and the severed heads of enemies hoisted on pikes.

The victory over Dacia yielded an immense loot of gold - the true purpose of the conquest - which allowed Trajan to build the Forum of Trajan with the Basilica Ulpia, the work of the famous architect Apollodorus of Damascus, who was most likely responsible for the construction of the Pantheon with its extraordinary dome.

He also built the new hexagonal port at Fiumicino, partially drained the Pontine marshes and built other ports and aqueducts in the Roman provinces.
He died in 117 AD. and exceptionally he was buried in the base of Trajan's Column in a Golden urn; on top there was his bronze statue, which in 1588 was replaced by that of Saint Peter.

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